According to routine activities theory, what factor is essential for reducing crime?

Routine activities theory posits that crime occurs when three elements converge: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians. The correct answer highlights the essential role of a capable guardian in deterring crime. A capable guardian can be an individual or community member who is able to intervene in a potentially criminal situation, thus discouraging offenders from committing crimes. Their presence can significantly impact the likelihood of crime occurring, as it creates uncertainty for the offender about whether they will be caught or deterred.

Additionally, while other factors such as the absence of capable targets, increased policing, and socioeconomic conditions like poverty can influence crime rates, they do not directly address the immediate interaction between potential offenders and guardians. The presence of a capable guardian is specifically aimed at creating a protective environment, making it a fundamental factor in the prevention of crime, according to the theory.