Criminological Theory Exam 1 Practice

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• What does severity refer to in the context of criminology?
• What term refers to the extent to which a theory is internally consistent?
• According to the Chicago School, human behavior is affected by what?
• Which scientific model significantly influenced the development of positivism?
• What does the term collective efficacy refer to?
• What does quantitative validation mainly focus on in the assessment of a theory?
• Which principle suggests that criminals weigh the benefits and consequences before committing a crime?
• Which of the following is an example of general deterrence?
• Which model of social disorganization suggests that multiple networks contribute to the creation of social disorganization?
• Which of the following refers to theories that focus on societal organization and its impact on behavior?
• How do crime rates between males and females typically compare?
• Theories regarding the effect of various factors on crime rates tend to be described as what?
• What is a potential result of the uneven development of different brain regions during adolescence?
• According to sociological theories, what is a major factor that contributes to deviant behavior?
• According to studies examining adopted children, their criminality tends to resemble more that of their __________.
• In which zone is Joe most likely to be living given his family's situation?
• You are going to Disney World this weekend and ask your next-door neighbor to keep an eye on your house while you are away. This is an example of a ____________.
• According to symbolic interactionism, an individual's self-image or self-concept is shaped by what?
• Which type of theories operate under the assumption that people in society hold common values and beliefs?
• Which characteristic is emphasized in qualitative validation of a theory?
• What does strain theory suggest about the relationship between society and deviant behavior?
• Which type of delinquent youth consistently engages in criminal behavior?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of macrotheories?
• Which school of thought looked for scientific proof that crime was caused by factors within the individual?
• What do process theories seek to explain?
• What characteristic is typically associated with individuals labeled as ‘born criminals’ according to Lombroso?
• According to criminologists like Thorsten Sellin, crime may result when the __________ of different groups clash.
• Cesare Beccaria, a Classical School scholar, opposed which practice?
• Which theories focus on how crime is related to the structure of society?
• In criminological theories, what does the term "deterrence" refer to?
• What aspect of the teenage brain is characterized by high levels of plasticity?
• What is the objective of situational crime prevention strategies?
• According to Shaw and McKay, which zone was found to be the most socially disorganized?
• What is the primary focus of sensitizing ability in criminological theories?
• How did the Chicago School define the process of social disorganization?
• What is a crucial element in determining if a theory is considered good or valid in criminology?
• What does the severity of a punishment refer to in deterrent theory?
• The Naturalists and the Classical School emphasized _________ as the main explanation for human behavior.
• According to Shaw and McKay, the primary explanation for the distribution of crime in cities was?
• What societal change could help reduce crime among youth?
• The Classical School of criminology emphasizes that offenders ________.
• Celerity refers to what aspect of punishment?
• What term refers to a government approach that aims for punishment in relation to the crime's impact?
• What role does community play in the collective efficacy model?
• Why can you never definitively prove a theory?
• According to the official data research conducted by the Chicago School, what happens to the crime rate in a community as the ethnic composition of that community changes?
• Which of the following statements reflects a view held by classical theorists regarding punishment?
• What is the likely outcome of a community implementing a policy to limit criminal opportunity, according to routine activities theory?
• What concept is common to positivist theories regarding criminal behavior?
• Which of the following statements would most likely be made by a classical school criminologist?
• Which of the following is NOT a goal of punishment according to classical theory?
• Which statement is most likely to be made by a positivist criminologist?
• How should crime and social phenomena be studied according to positivism?
• What is the key distinction between 'early desistance' and 'late onset' in the context of delinquency?
• What are event decisions in criminal behavior?
• According to early sociological positivists like Gabriel Tarde, criminal behavior involves a process of __________.
• What is the primary justification for punishing offenders, according to Classical scholars?
• What aspect of criminal behavior does the classical school of criminology primarily focus on?
• According to routine activities theory, what factor is essential for reducing crime?
• What do authorities believe about the connection between education and crime, according to research?
• Which group is most often analyzed in discussions of culture conflict?
• What is a key principle of the social disorganization theory?
• What key element is required for effective crime deterrence aside from punishment?
• Paul planned to hold up a local 7-11 but changed his mind. According to rational choice theorists, this is an example of a(n) _________ decision.
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good theory in criminology?
• What role do government policies play in the context of societal crime strategies?
• Which of the following best describes primary culture conflict?
• Which of the following would most likely be a characteristic of a criminal personality, according to Yochelson and Samenow?
• Which of the following statements regarding positivism is true?
• What does the rational choice perspective explain?
• Which of the following is related to the concept of social cohesion?
• What approach to studying crime does positivism reject?
• Which area of the brain matures later in the adolescent developmental process?
• Which theoretical perspective argues that crime is a product of environmental and social conditions?
• What does Beccaria's philosophy emphasize about criminals?
• During the quarantine resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, home burglary decreased. How would routine activities theory explain this?
• What is considered the primary focus of deterrence theory as proposed by Beccaria?
• What do law and order advocates generally emphasize regarding punishments?
• Which research method was predominantly used by the Chicago School?
• In the U.S., significant delays between sentencing and execution violate which key principle of deterrence?
• Which of the following strategies involves visible law enforcement intervention?
• What is typically a consequence of living in the zone of transition?
• Which statement accurately reflects rational theories of crime?
• Which of the following concepts suggests a new way of looking and interpreting known facts?
• What does general deterrence aim to achieve in criminal behavior modification?
• How did the eugenics movement in the U.S. believe that crime could be reduced?
• According to Eysenck's personality theory, criminals are more likely to _________.
• Early family studies, such as Richard Dugdale's study of the Juke family, emphasized ________ as the main source of crime.
• What key development occurs in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence?
• Which statement is true regarding deviance?
• Which approach involves increasing the effort required to commit a crime?
• Which aspect of a theory ensures it does not propose illogical relationships?
• Which of the following is considered a metatheory about criminal behavior?
• Why does Joel's situation increase the risk of his house being targeted by a burglar?
• Which of the following terms describes theories that are based on the internal consistency of a theory?
• Which theories focus on human rights and legal statutes?
• Which of the following is a key assumption of the classical school's perspective?
• How does the absence of one component impact the probability of a victimization event?
• What does the term "policy implications" refer to regarding criminological theories?
• In the context of criminology, what is essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of crime?
• Thorsten Sellin would most likely view the Amish as an example of ___________.
• Selective incapacitation targets which type of offenders?
• Which category does not represent a delinquent youth?
• What is the primary focus of criminology?
• What constitutes a crime?
• Thorsten Sellin would likely view the replacement of Native American norms by those of English settlers as an example of ____________.
• Specific deterrence is aimed at:
• What primary aspect makes deterrence effective in criminology?
• What type of context reflects the influence of a theorist's personal relationships?
• Which of the following is generally considered to be a characteristic of a good theory?
• The eugenics movement focused on improving the human race by emphasizing the relationship between crime and?
• Structural theories in criminology primarily focus on what aspect of society?
• Consensus theories are based on the assumption that:
• What is the primary principle of utilitarianism as defined by Jeremy Bentham?
• Which of the following are the three major areas of focus for a victimization event?
• What do classical theories primarily address?
• In the crime prevention spectrum, which theory focuses primarily on individual behavior change?
• According to William Sheldon body type theory, which body type has the greatest likelihood of becoming delinquent?
• Which type of theories are characterized by their broad scope and focus on social structure?
• Lifestyle theory primarily focuses on ________.
• Which of the following signifies a viewpoint that opposes unnecessarily harsh punishments?
• In the context of criminological theory, what is a 'theory'?
• Who is most likely to perceive their neighborhood as having social cohesion?
• What is a major focus of individual rights advocates?
• Which term describes the focus on societal organization and its impact on behavior?
• In criminological theory, which framework emphasizes the impact of social factors on individual behavior?
• What is a common criticism of the eugenics movement?
• In the context of criminology, what aspect is emphasized by social positivism?
• How do broken homes typically affect neighborhoods?
• Which approach would be most concerned with the agreement among societal members regarding norms?
• What is the basic shape of the age-crime curve described in criminology?
• What is a likely statement made by an early positivist regarding crime?
• Which factor is considered significant by positivist criminologists in understanding crime?
• Which type of offender did Cesare Lombroso consider to be an evolutionary throwback?
• How does current research suggest intelligence, or IQ, influences delinquency?
• What does recent neurochemical research suggest as a possible cause for much delinquency?
• Certainty in the context of deterrence means:
• What does lifestyle theory suggest about crime victims?
• Which concept was used to justify the establishment of government?
• Which neighborhood characteristic is most likely to promote social cohesion?
• What was a significant contribution of the Age of Enlightenment to criminology?
• Which theory focuses on the individual’s personal choices and the consequences of their actions?
• What should be the starting point for developing strategies to address crime-related issues?
• Which key element of punishment did Beccaria identify as crucial for deterring crime?
• What do theories in criminology aim to do?
• Which theory argues that societal norms and values shape individual behavior and choices?
• Conflict theories are primarily based on the belief that:
• According to Shaw and McKay, how do rates of delinquency change with distance from the central business district?
• What does research comparing criminality of identical twins and fraternal twins tend to find?
• Which of the following would a positivist believe affects criminal behavior the most?
• What term describes the phenomenon where land uses characteristic of an inner city zone begin to encroach on an outer zone?
• What does the U.S. criminal justice system attempt to align with the severity of a crime?
• In criminology, which of the following represents a critical factor in the explanation of criminal behavior?
• Which element did Beccaria propose as necessary for effective punishment?
• How does the growth of the limbic system impact adolescent behavior?
• What is a subculture?
• The collective efficacy model suggests that social disorganization reduces what among members of the community?
• When does the limbic region begin to undergo significant changes?
• What is the primary function of the limbic region in adolescent brain development?
• What does the neoclassical school acknowledge about rationality?
• What type of theories tend to focus on individuals and how they become criminals?
• Which of these theories emphasizes the role of social learning in explaining criminal behavior?
• Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of specific deterrence?
• Which of the following was an early positivist approach focused on the shape of the skull to explain personal characteristics?
• What is defined as a cultural expectation for behavior?
• Beccaria is best known for which of the following works?
• How does myelination progress in the adolescent brain?
• What type of criminological theory emphasizes empirical evidence and determinism?
• What does "making sense of conflicting positions" refer to in criminological theories?
• Which of the following social policies is most likely to be based on biosocial positivist theories?
• What is one aspect that distinguishes early criminological positivists from classical theorists?
• General deterrence seeks to influence which group?
• According to the classical school of criminology, what is the main justification for punishment?
• What era does the Age of Enlightenment refer to?
• A theory that gains widespread recognition and acceptance among criminologists is typically viewed as what?
• What is meant by "speed" in the context of celerity?
• Which criminal justice reform was advocated by Cesare Beccaria?
• According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, what is primarily linked to the volume of criminal offenses?
• What is the main assumption behind microtheories in criminology?
• In the context of punishment, what does "truth in sentencing" refer to?
• What are involvement decisions in the context of crime?
• The observation that shoplifting increases during summer months illustrates which element of routine activities theory?
• Which modern belief is best illustrated by the Classical School of criminology?
• What is a defining characteristic of positivist criminology?
• Which of the following statements regarding fear of crime is true?
• What aspect of community life does high home ownership usually enhance?
• What aspect of crime does the concept of "mitigating circumstances" refer to?
• What is a characteristic of social disorganization?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of deterrence?
• What conclusion can be drawn from social disorganization theory?
• Which of the following is being used by legislators to increase celerity and better deter offenders?
• In the context of criminological theory, what does sensitizing ability refer to?
• Which individual is most likely to be classified as an endomorph?
• According to Shaw and McKay, one of the factors that is common to neighborhoods with the highest rates of crime in a city is ___________.